(TRANSFERRED)保加利亚艺术家绘制偏见地图将地域歧视娱乐化

美国人眼中的亚洲

美国人眼中的欧洲

美国人眼中的非洲

美国人眼中的南美洲

美国人眼中的美国

英国人眼中的欧洲

法国人眼中的欧洲

俄罗斯人眼中的欧洲

意大利人眼中的欧洲

背包客眼中的阿拉伯之春

生活的经验告诉我们，现实世界中，偏见无处不在。事实上，除了早前网络上流行的“北京人眼中的中国地图”、“上海人眼中的中国地图”、“湖南人眼中的中国地图”等国内版本的“偏见地图”外，偏见地图也有国际版本。随着领土的变化、测量的修正、人口中心变动、首都变迁等因素的影响，一般的地图更新迭代都很快。然而在快速变化的世界中，国家偏见却罕有地保持非常稳定。

保加利亚平面艺术家扬科·特斯维科夫于2009年开始绘制偏见地图项目，画出流行偏见，他在整个欧洲都待过。他的第一幅地图给俄罗斯贴了个“有狂想症的石油帝国”的标签，而欧洲的大部分地区则变成“农业补贴联盟”，土耳其是“无YouTube之地”，格鲁吉亚是“武装的葡萄酒酿造者”。地图放上网之后深受人们追捧，特斯维科夫意识到这可以作为更大项目的起点，于是又制作了“美国人眼中的地图”和欧洲一些主要国家的人眼中的地图。他绘制的“贝卢斯科尼的世界地图”既粗俗搞笑又不会太过分，而在“2022年的欧洲地图”中英国（不含苏格兰）被称为“被动侵略王国”，这个别名源于大卫·卡梅隆近期拒绝签署欧盟协议。特斯维科夫说，“这个别名是关于欧洲的英国思维方式。它不想与欧洲有太多瓜葛，但是它又想有发言权。就好像不劳而获一样。”不论你来自哪里，在这些地图里总能找到让你会心一笑的东西。

事实上，特斯维科夫自己并非一个充满偏见之人。他能够讲多国语言，如今定居于西班牙。他认为欧洲任何地方都让他感到舒适和自在。他说，“我在欧洲主要国家都有朋友，我们设计师就像同处一个大家庭里的亲人。”特斯维科夫的世界主义是否让他成为地方偏见和歧视的行家呢？“是的，有些事情只有你身处人们当中才能体会，当然互联网也让我们了解得更多。”

这些地图也无可避免地卷入了争议之中，有人说它们强化了偏见，也有人称赞说它们嘲讽了偏见，但是它们的主要目的还是娱乐。特斯维科夫说：“对于严肃的问题，我比较喜欢用滑稽的说法来表达。严肃报道已经足够多了，分析问题厉害的人也多太多了。”

常用软件绘制高质量（DPI）图片（Matlab,VISIO,POWERPOINT,MsWORD,MsEXCEL）for printed paper

摘要：

本文主要介绍常见绘图工具（Matlab,VISIO,POWERPOINT,MsWORD,MsEXCEL）获取高质量图片的方法。同时，笔者根据以往经验，对不同图片格式对图片打印效果进行简要的说明。

范围：

本文所指的高质量图片，指的是300-600 dpi的图片。Picture with Higher Resolution 不在考虑之列。

DPI:

Dot Per Inch, 它是印刷上的记量单位，意思是每个英寸上，所能印刷的网点数。但随着数字输入，输出设备快速发展，大多数的人也将数字影像的解析度用DPI表示，但较为严谨的人可能注意到，印刷时计算的网点（Dot）和电脑显示器的显示像素（Pixel）并非相同，所以较专业的人士，会用PPI(Pixel Per Inch)表示数字影像的解析度，以区分二者。

一般情况下，DPI越高，当然图片越是精细。但在显示板（常见A4、A2纸）有限时，高于300DPI的图片，肉眼对不同dpi图片的打印效果已经很难区分了。

但是在设计中，电脑为了减省计算量，默认的dpi指数是72或者96.没有特殊设置的情况，所保存的图片或者截图，其dpi不可能超过默认值，均达不到书面打印要求。本文在下面将一一对上面几种出图工具进行介绍。

Word和Excel中的图

　　Word中用文本框或者图形构建的图，以及Excel中自动生成的曲线图，要直接复制，点住图形的外框直接复制，不能截图，然后打开 PhotoShop，新建一个A4大小的，dpi为1000，背景为白色或者透明的图，将刚才复制的图形粘贴到上面，按Ctrl和加号将图形放大到 100%左右，选择合适的大小剪切，然后新建一个默认的图片，粘贴，保存为tiff格式的就行了。PS1：之所以用A4大小（越21cm*28cm）的，是为了确保画板够大，能够容纳下图形。PS2：如果需要小一点的图片，保存的时候，将保存layer前的对钩去掉，确定，采用LZW压缩，确定，即可，这样保存的图片大约为200k。

Matlab中的Figure

　　Matlab生成的图片，不要直接保存为tiff或者其他格式，而是在Figure图形界面，用菜单File – Export Setup，在Rendering选项下，设置合适的颜色格式（RGB，Grayscale，Black & White等等），设置DPI数值为1000（不要用默认的auto，也不要选300，600，这个可能也小了，直接输入1000），然后点击右边的 Export，保存为tiff格式就行了

Origin的曲线图

如果原图是用“Origin”做的曲线图，
按照要求“1200 dpi (dots per inch) for black and white line art (simple bar graphs, charts, etc.)”的要求修改过程如下：
（1）将所做的图用程序“Origin” （如OriginPro 7.5）打开;
（2）点击菜单”File” “Export Page..” 在“保存类型”中选“Tag Image File(*.tif)”，同时在 “Show Image Options”前打勾，确定“保存”；
(3)在TIFF Options窗口中，“DIP” 设为1200；“Color Depth” 选Monochrome;“Compression” 选LZW，最后点击“OK”即可。
（4）将所得的TIF格式图片用Photoshop打开，在菜单“图像” ， “图像大小”中确认 “分辨率”为1200象素/英寸，将“宽度”设定为6000像素左右；点击“好”。
（5）“文件” ， “存储为” ， “格式”选为“TIFF” ， ”保存“；在”图像压缩“中选”LZW“; 点击”好“；就可获得满足杂志要求的图片了！
如果图片是JPG等照片，如电镜照片等，
300 dpi for halftones (black and white photographs)
600 dpi for combination halftones (photographs that also contain line art such as labeling or thin lines)
按照上面的任一个要求，处理如下：
（1）图片用Photoshop打开，在菜单“图像”中的 “图像模式” 中选择“灰度”（用于黑白图片）或者“CMYK”（用于彩色图片）
（2）在“图像”中的“图像大小”设定“分辨率”为600（或300）象素/英寸，将“宽度”设定为3000像素左右；点击“好”。
（3）“文件” “存储为” “格式”选为“TIFF” ”保存“；在”图像压缩“中选”LZW“; 点击”好“；就可获得满足杂志要求的图片了！

VISIO中的流程图

　　在VISIO中完成绘图之后，在‘另保存为’选项中，选择图片格式（Tiff,jpg,emf）或者其他格式，在弹出的对话框中，设置如下：

1、“颜色格式”：彩色图片可以选择“24位色”，一般的黑白图片可以选择“16位灰度”。

2、“分辨率”：选“自定义”，800X800，默认的单位就是“像素/英寸”。

3、“大小”，也可以自定义或者选“源”。

然后点击确定就可以了。

第二个部分：对不同图片格式对图片打印效果进行简要的说明。

常见的图片格式、tiff,jpeg,emf,gif,eps, bmp,

笔者根据以往经验，对于Matlab产生的图片，emf, eps质量很不错的

MS： tiff/jpeg都不错。

更多学习资料：

关于Matlab中 simulink图片设置：

http://bbs.cup.edu.cn/cupbbs/accessory/93/cb00d031-6df1-417b-a9e0-71c1aabff823.pdf

传播知识是学者的责任。欢迎有链接说明的转载。若有反馈至 shchen.lmars@live.cn，将感谢之至。

Data Visualization and Infographics Resources(Transferred)

我一直在寻找的一个问题，就是如何表达数据，让读者很容易理解其中的含义。

我今天看到的这篇文章，揭示了数据可视化的规律，并介绍了一些有用的工具。

By Cameron Chapman
Data visualizations and infographics can make complex datasets easier to understand and comprehend. By creating a graphical represenatation of data and statistics, complicated concepts and information can make more sense in less time.

Many visualizations focus on representing a specific set of data or statistical information. Others focus on less-concrete topics, providing a visual representation of abstract concepts. Generally speaking, the first type appear more like graphs or charts and the latter are often more creative and imaginative.

But visualizations and infographics can be used poorly, too. Putting in too much information (or not enough), using improper formats for the information provided, and other failures are common. Below are more than 25 useful resources for infographics and data visualization. Most are galleries of effective graphics though some also provide how-to information for information designers.

Also consider our previous articles:

1. Data Visualization Sites

Here are some blogs and website that provide great information for information designers, including how-to articles, visualization showcases and galleries, and other resources. Some even include tools for creating your own visualizations.

Strange Maps

Strange Maps⁷ features only map-based graphics, both modern and historical. The commentary accompanying the maps is what really makes the site interesting, especially on the historic maps.

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Wall Stats

Wall Stats¹¹ includes original infographics depicting discretionary spending in the United States. The graphics are also available in poster form. They also provide coverage of other infographics about political and economic topics.

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Visual Complexity

Visual Complexity¹⁴ – This site showcases infographics and data visualizations from a wide variety of sources and has nearly 700 projects included. Graphics are categorized to make finding specific projects easier and plenty of information is included about each image.

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Cool Infographics

Cool Infographics¹⁸ is an awesome blog that chronicles infographics and data visualizations from all over the web. They cover almost every topic you could think of. Posts are tagged to make it easier to find the specific kinds of graphics you’re looking for.

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Data Mining

Data Mining²² is a blog that covers data visualization, social media and data mining. They aggregate tons of infographics from other sites, including National Geographic and The Economist.

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Edward Tufte

This site²⁵ presents a wide variety of infographics from multiple sources interspersed with other images. The commentary about the graphics is what sets it apart, and there are some incredibly interesting images included.

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Infographics News

Infographics News²⁸ is dedicated primarily to news infographics. They also cover news related to data visualization and unusual infographics.

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Information Aesthetics

Information Aesthetics³¹ is a blog that details beautiful infographics and data visualizations from all over the web. Grahpics featured include political, financial and econimic, and other visualizations, dating as far back as December 2004.

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Chart Porn

Chart Porn³⁴ features charts and graphs from all over the web, all beautifully designed and covering a wide variety of topics. Posts are categorized by topic and source to make it easier to find specific charts.

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Behance Network

The Behance Network³⁸ has tags for Information Architecture and specifically for infographics. They have dozens of graphics in either category from a selection of graphic artists.

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Good Magazine

Good Magazine⁴¹ presents some of the most interesting original infographics out there. They’ve created infographics on everything from water issues to the growth of food stamps to Obama’s effect on voter turnout.

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Matthew Ericson

The blog⁴⁵ of infographic designer Matthew Ericson that includes visualizations created by others as well as himself. Recently featured visualizations include a map of murders in New York City and an industrial production data visualization.

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NiXLOG Infographics

NiXLOG⁴⁸ has a great infographics section that includes an aggregation of infographics from all over the web. There’s also an original infographic of the evolution of Apple computers and their adoption by consumers.

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Virtual Water

Virtual Water⁵¹ is a specialized blog covering the usage of the virtual water content infographic poster and the information it contains. They provide the info from the poster as well as links to publications that have used it (in whole or in part) and other infographic-related content.

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History Shots

History Shots⁵⁴ is a commercial site that sells infographic and visualization products (posters, notecards, etc.) for a variety of topics. Most of their images focus on historic events, time periods and subjects and you can browse based on political, military, sports, or general graphics. It’s an incredibly interesting site and you can zoom into the graphics shown to read them onscreen.

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Flowing Data

Flowing Data⁵⁸ offers up some amazing infographics and visualizations, with their own dedicated category. They’ve covered the best beer in the U.S., wine personality profiles, the Kennedy family tree, and the religious geography of the United States, among tons of other awesome graphics.

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Many Eyes

Many Eyes⁶² is a data visualization site that offers tools for creating your own visualizations as well as for browsing infographics created by others. There are already thousands of visualizations included on the site.

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The New York Times

While you’ll have to search around a bit to find the best infographics on The New York Times⁶⁶ site, it’s definitely worth the effort. They have some of the best infographics in the business representing and breaking down really complex data sets so their average reader can easily understand what’s actually going on.

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Nicolasrapp.com

nicolasrapp.com⁷⁰ is an information design blog that covers primarily the infographics and data visualizations the author creates for The Associated Press.

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DataViz

DataViz⁷⁴ showcases images of beautiful data visualizations from all over the web. No commentary is included, but the images really speak for themselves.

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iGraphics Explained

iGraphics Explained⁷⁸ – This blog aims to shed some light on the world of infographics and data visualizations by explaining their effectiveness and how they were done. They showcase some beautiful graphics from sources all over the internet, so it’s a great place to go for inspiration and to see what kinds of graphics work and which kinds don’t.

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Simple Complexity

Simple Complexity⁸² – This site showcases data visualizations that take complex data sets and display them in an easier-to-understand format that can help make sense of their true meaning. They showcase infographics from all over the net, as well as posting some how-to articles on creating better infographics.

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Well-formed Data

Well-formed Data⁸⁶ – This blog covers interface design, infographics and data visualizations, and statistics in general. The commentary accompanying the graphics is especially interesting, often delving deeper into the topics the visualizations cover.

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Information is Beautiful

Information Is Beautiful⁸⁹ – This blog celebrates beautiful information design, infographics, and data visualizations. They cover a wide variety of topics, create their own visualizations, and showcase those designed by others.

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3. Flickr Pools for Infographics

Flickr pools can be a great source of information and inspiration. The ones featured below are dedicated to infographics and data visualizations, and most include examples from all over the world and a variety of different eras. They’re an excellent place to go to get ideas or see what infographics trends are around the globe.

Infografia | Infographics⁹³ – A pool with more than 700 infographic images, posted by 120+ members.

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Infografistas.com / Infographics News⁹⁷ – This pool has nearly 350 items posted, all data visualizations and infographics from a huge variety of sources.

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Visual Information¹⁰¹ – A pool with nearly 650 items posted. There are visualizations for everything from restaurant spending to library maps.

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The Info Graphics Pool¹⁰⁵ – This seems to be the largest Flickr pool dedicated to infographics and data visualizations, with more than 700 members and 1800+ items included.

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- Data Visualizations and Infographics⁵ which lists examples and types of infographics and data visualizations.
- Data Visualization: Modern Approaches⁶ showcases modern examples of data visualization and infographics.